Medical history #
Testicular descent anomalies (cryptorchidism, ectopia), treated or untreated.
Testicular cancer.
Inguinal hernia treated with mesh.
Testicular torsion treated by fixation of the testicle in the scrotum, preventing ascent;
Abnormal sensitivity of the pubic area, groin, penis, or scrotum.
Poor grip strength.
Severe obesity (BMI ≥ 30).
Testicular examination #
Grade 3 varicocele.
Edema of the penis.
Intra-scrotal lump.
Large hydrocele.
Cutaneous filariasis, Elephantiasis;
Local skin infections or contact dermatitis of the penis, scrotum, groin, or pubic area.
Initial fertility evaluation #.
Spermogram to ensure sperm values meet WHO 2021 standards:
Concentration > 16 million/ml
Total count > 39 million/ml
Progressive mobility > 32%
Normal head shape > 4% (Krüger) or 23% (modified David)
If these standards are not met, try to improve your lifestyle habits (sleep, stress, diet, exercise) and repeat the spermogram after 3 months.
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